United States Code

2025—Pub. L. 119–60, div. B, title XXVIII, §§2804(a), 2822(a)(1), 2848(a), Dec. 18, 2025, 139 Stat. 1294, 1305, 1319, added item 2866a, inserted "and covered health and safety standards" after "standards" in item 2856a, and struck out item 2859 "Construction requirements related to antiterrorism and force protection or urban-training operations". Amendments were made pursuant to operation of section 102 of this title.

2024—Pub. L. 118–159, div. A, title XVII, §1701(a)(30), Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2204, substituted "Military unaccompanied housing: standards" for "Covered military unaccompanied housing: design standards" in item 2856.

2023—Pub. L. 118–31, div. B, title XXVIII, §§2831(a)(2), 2832(a), 2833(b), Dec. 22, 2023, 137 Stat. 753–755, substituted "Covered military unaccompanied housing: design standards" for "Military unaccompanied housing: local comparability of floor areas" in item 2856 and added items 2856a and 2856b. Addition of items 2856a and 2856b was made pursuant to operation of section 102 of this title.

2021—Pub. L. 117–81, div. B, §2003(b), title XXVIII, §2812(a), Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 2162, 2191, renumbered item 2879 in analysis under subchapter IV of this chapter as 2857 and transferred it to appear after item 2856.

Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title VIII, §818(b)(1), div. B, title XXVIII, §2811(k)(1)(A), Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3751, 4326, added item 2851a and struck out item 2870 "Use of qualified apprentices by military construction contractors".

2019—Pub. L. 116–92, div. A, title VIII, §865(a)(2), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 1524, added item 2870.

2018—Pub. L. 115–232, div. B, title XXVIII, §2806(a)(2), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 2264, added item 2865.

2013—Pub. L. 112–239, div. B, title XXVIII, §2802(b), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 2147, added item 2864.

Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title X, §1076(a)(22), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1949, made technical amendment to directory language of Pub. L. 112–81, §2815(c). See 2011 Amendment note below.

2011—Pub. L. 112–81, div. B, title XXVIII, §2815(c), Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1689, as amended by Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title X, §1076(a)(22), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1949, substituted "Exchange of property at military installations" for "Conveyance of property at military installations to limit encroachment" in item 2869.

Pub. L. 111–383, div. A, title X, §1075(d)(23), Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4374, made technical amendment to directory language of Pub. L. 111–84, §2804(d)(2). See 2009 Amendment note below.

2009—Pub. L. 111–84, div. B, title XXVIII, §2841(a)(2), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2680, added item 2867.

Pub. L. 111–84, div. B, title XXVIII, §2804(d)(2), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2662, as amended by Pub. L. 111–383, div. A, title X, §1075(d)(23), Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4374, substituted "Conveyance of property at military installations to limit encroachment" for "Conveyance of property at military installations to support military construction or limit encroachment" in item 2869.

2006—Pub. L. 109–364, div. B, title XXVIII, §§2807(a)(2), 2808(b)(2), 2809(b), 2810(b), 2811(f)(2), 2851(c)(4), Oct. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 2468–2471, 2473, 2495, added item 2861, inserted "or urban-training operations" after "force protection" in item 2859, substituted "Military unaccompanied housing: local comparability of floor areas" for "Limitations on barracks space by pay grade" in item 2856 and "to support military construction or limit encroachment" for "closed or realigned to support military construction" in item 2869, and struck out items 2857 "Use of renewable forms of energy in new facilities", 2864 "Military construction contracts on Guam", 2865 "Energy savings at military installations", and 2867 "Sale of electricity from alternate energy and cogeneration production facilities".

Pub. L. 109–163, div. B, title XXVIII, §2804(c)(2), Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3507, substituted "Authorized cost and scope of work variations" for "Authorized cost variations" in item 2853.

Pub. L. 108–375, div. B, title XXVIII, §2804(a)(2), Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 2122, added item 2859.

2003—Pub. L. 108–136, div. A, title X, §1044(b)(2), div. B, title XXVIII, §2805(a)(2), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1612, 1721, struck out item 2859 "Transmission of annual military construction authorization request" and added item 2869.

2001—Pub. L. 107–107, div. B, title XXVIII, §2803(b), Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1305, struck out item 2861 "Annual report to Congress".

1997—Pub. L. 105–85, div. A, title III, §371(c)(3), Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1705, added items 2867 and 2868.

1996—Pub. L. 104–106, div. B, title XXVIII, §2818(a)(2), Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 555, added item 2854a.

1993—Pub. L. 103–160, div. B, title XXVIII, §2803(b), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1885, added item 2866.

1990—Pub. L. 101–510, div. B, title XXVIII, §2851(b), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1804, added item 2865.

1989—Pub. L. 101–189, div. B, title XXVIII, §2807(b), Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1648, added item 2864.

1987—Pub. L. 100–180, div. B, subdiv. 3, title I, §2303(b), Dec. 4, 1987, 101 Stat. 1215, added item 2863.

1986—Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title XIII, §1343(a)(21)(B), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3994, struck out "for five years" after "Availability of appropriations" in item 2860.

1985—Pub. L. 99–167, title VIII, §807(b), Dec. 3, 1985, 99 Stat. 988, added item 2862.

1982—Pub. L. 97–321, title VIII, §801(b)(3), Oct. 15, 1982, 96 Stat. 1571, substituted "renewable forms of energy in new facilities" for "solar energy systems" in item 2857.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Standardization of Mold Remediation Guidelines Across Military Departments

Pub. L. 119–60, div. B, title XXVIII, §2830, Dec. 18, 2025, 139 Stat. 1313, provided that:

"(a) Requirement to Establish Common Guidelines.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 18, 2025], the Secretary of Defense, in coordination with the Secretaries of the military departments, shall develop and implement uniform guidelines for the remediation of mold in military housing, facilities, and other real property under jurisdiction of each such Secretary.

"(b) Consistency With Established Standards.—The guidelines required under subsection (a) shall be consistent with—

"(1) applicable municipal and State health and environmental standards; and

"(2) third-party industry standards, including the standard of the Institute of Inspection Cleaning and Restoration Certification titled 'S520 Standard for Professional Mold Remediation', or any successor standard.

"(c) Applicability.—The guidelines required under subsection (a) shall apply—

"(1) to contracts or task orders for mold remediation entered into on or after the date of the issuance of such guidelines; and

"(2) to mold remediation procedures conducted on or after such date of issuance.

"(d) Report.—Not later than 180 days after date of the issuance of the guidelines under subsection (a), the Secretary of Defense, in coordination with the Secretaries of the military departments, shall submit to the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives] a report that includes the guidelines and describes plans for implementation of the guidelines and monitoring compliance with the guidelines."

Plan to Improve Accuracy, Integration, and Interoperability of Department of Defense Data With Respect to Real Property, Infrastructure, and Military Unaccompanied Housing

Pub. L. 119–60, div. B, title XXVIII, §2832, Dec. 18, 2025, 139 Stat. 1315, provided that:

"(a) Plan Required.—

"(1) In general.—The Secretary of Defense shall develop and implement a plan to—

"(A) improve the accuracy, integration, and interoperability of data across systems of a military department to track and maintain data with respect to real property, infrastructure, or military unaccompanied housing under the jurisdiction of a Secretary concerned; and

"(B) enhance, across each military department, the tracking, management, and reporting of data with respect to—

"(i) the condition of military unaccompanied housing; and

"(ii) the occupancy rates of military unaccompanied housing.

"(2) Elements.—Such plan shall include the following:

"(A) A requirement for each Secretary of a military department to update, on an annual basis, the system of the appropriate military department—

"(i) for real property planning to include—

"(I) an accurate statement of deficits in the occupancy of military unaccompanied housing under the jurisdiction of the Secretary;

"(II) a summary that aligns such deficits with unit stationing decisions of the Secretary; and

"(III) a description of the effects of relevant changes in force structure; and

"(ii) to track and maintain data with respect to military unaccompanied housing to include—

"(I) real-time occupancy data and room assignment records with respect to military unaccompanied housing under the jurisdiction of the Secretary; and

"(II) a standardized automated process to track completion times of maintenance requests work orders with respect to such military unaccompanied housing.

"(B) Standards to ensure, with respect to any system of a military department to assess the condition of infrastructure under the jurisdiction of a Secretary of a military department, that—

"(i) data maintained by any such system is synchronized; and

"(ii) any such system integrates predictive maintenance tools to—

"(I) forecast infrastructure deterioration; and

"(II) prioritize repairs.

"(C) Enhanced data validation protocols across all housing records of the Department of Defense to—

"(i) eliminate discrepancies in such housing records; and

"(ii) ensure accuracy of reports that include data from such housing records.

"(D) A requirement for each Secretary of a military department to audit, on a periodic basis, data with respect to real property, infrastructure, and military unaccompanied housing under the jurisdiction of the Secretary.

"(E) Specific milestones to achieve full data synchronization across each system of a military department to track and maintain data with respect to military unaccompanied housing.

"(F) Requirements, for each system described in subparagraph (E), with respect to system integration, user training, and compliance monitoring.

"(G) A Department of Defense-wide verification framework to ensure accurate barracks occupancy reporting, which shall include—

"(i) required physical inspections;

"(ii) automated reconciliation of unit personnel records with housing assignments; and

"(iii) mechanisms to prevent ghost occupancy.

"(H) A Department of Defense-wide strategy for real-time data analytics to—

"(i) optimize investments in military unaccompanied housing;

"(ii) improve facility lifecycle management; and

"(iii) enable predictive maintenance planning;

"(I) A Department of Defense-wide governance policy for data with respect to military unaccompanied housing, that includes—

"(i) enforceable protocols for data entry, frequency of updates, access controls, cybersecurity protections; and

"(ii) standardized reporting requirements.

"(J) A requirement for each Secretary of a military department to implement a standardized system for members of the Armed Forces, including commanders of military installations to—

"(i) report discrepancies in data maintained by the Secretary with respect to military unaccompanied housing; and

"(ii) submit to the Secretary concerned requests for improvements to the system of the appropriate military department to track and maintain data with respect to military unaccompanied housing.

"(b) Deadline.—The Secretary of Defense shall submit to the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives the plan required by subsection (a) by not later than September 30, 2026."

Analysis of Housing Availability for Critical Civilian and Contractor Personnel Near Rural Military Installations

Pub. L. 118–159, div. B, title XXVIII, §2828, Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2258, provided that:

"(a) In General.—Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 2024], the Secretary of Defense shall revise the Department of Defense Manual 4165.63–M titled 'DoD Housing Management' issued October 28, 2010, to require an analysis of the availability of suitable housing located in close proximity to a military installation in a rural area for civilian personnel and defense contractors that provide critical functions for the operations of such military installation, as determined by the Secretary.

"(b) Definitions.—In this section:

"(1) The term 'military installation' has the meaning given such term in section 2801 of title 10, United States Code.

"(2) The term 'rural area' has the meaning given such term in section 2391 of such title."

Digital Facilities Management Systems for Military Departments

Pub. L. 118–159, div. B, title XXVIII, §2829, Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2258, provided that:

"(a) Digital Facilities Management Systems for Military Departments.—

"(1) Criteria.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 2024], the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Energy, Installations, and Environment, in coordination with each covered Assistant Secretary, shall develop criteria for a new or established digital facilities management system for each military department. Each such system shall have the capability to, with respect to each military installation—

"(A) track conditions of individual facilities, applying the uniform index developed under section 2838 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024 (Public Law 118–31) [set out as a note below], for each military installation under the jurisdiction of each such covered Assistant Secretary;

"(B) plan for maintenance actions for each facility; and

"(C) generate reports that include data on—

"(i) the type and function of each facility;

"(ii) the overall condition of each facility;

"(iii) planned maintenance for each facility during a five-year period following the date of submission of the criteria;

"(iv) conditions that may lead to a failure to maintain minimum physical security or configuration standards for members of the Armed Forces during the 12-month period following the date of submission of the criteria; and

"(v) the date on which the facility will have been in use for 40 years.

"(2) Briefing.—Not later than 30 days after the date on which the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Energy, Installations, and Environment develops the criteria required under paragraph (1), the Assistant Secretary shall provide to the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives] a briefing on such criteria.

"(3) Implementation.—Not later than one year after the date on which the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Energy, Installations, and Environment develops the criteria required under paragraph (1), each covered Assistant Secretary shall implement a digital facilities management system for the military department under the jurisdiction of that covered Assistant Secretary that meets the criteria described in paragraph (1).

"(b) Definitions.—In this section:

"(1) The term 'covered Assistant Secretary' means—

"(A) the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Installations, Energy, and Environment;

"(B) the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Energy, Installations, and Environment; and

"(C) the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Installations, Environment, and Energy [probably should be "Energy, Installations, and Environment"].

"(2) The term 'facility' has the meaning given in section 2801 of title 10, United States Code.

"(3) The term 'military department' has the meaning given in section 101 of such title.

"(4) The term 'military installation' has the meaning given in section 2801 of such title."

Establishment of Civilian Employees for Oversight of Covered Military Unaccompanied Housing

Pub. L. 118–31, div. B, title XXVIII, §2836, Dec. 22, 2023, 137 Stat. 759, provided that:

"(a) Establishment Civilian Employees.—

"(1) In general.—Not later than 30 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 22, 2023] and subject to paragraph (3), the Secretary of Defense shall issue regulations to require each Secretary of a military department to establish a civilian employee at the housing office of each military installation under the respective jurisdiction of each such Secretary to be responsible for oversight of covered military unaccompanied housing at that military installation. Such civilian employee shall be an employee of—

"(A) the Department of Defense; or

"(B) the military department concerned.

"(2) Supervisory chain.—Each civilian employee described in paragraph (1) and member of the Armed Forces described in paragraph (3) shall report to an appropriate supervisory civilian employee at the housing office for the applicable military installation.

"(3) Exception.—The requirement under the regulations issued pursuant to paragraph (1) shall not apply with respect to military installations at which oversight of covered military unaccompanied housing is performed by a member of the Armed Forces with an occupational specialty that defines the primary duty of such member as a barracks manager or an equivalent occupation.

"(b) Limitation on Role by Members of the Armed Forces; Position Designation.—

"(1) Limitation.—The Secretary of Defense and the Secretaries of the military departments concerned may not allow an enlisted member of the Armed Forces or commissioned officer to, as a collateral duty, be designated as a barracks manager or supervisor overseeing, managing, accepting, or compiling maintenance records for any covered military unaccompanied housing at the applicable military installation.

"(2) Designation.—Except as provided in paragraph (3) of subsection (a), the functions of a barracks manager or supervisor described in paragraph (1) shall be completed by a civilian employee described in paragraph (1) of such subsection.

"(c) Definitions.—In this section:

"(1) The term 'covered military unaccompanied housing' has the meaning given such term in section 2856 of title 10, United States Code (as amended by section 2831).

"(2) The term 'military installation' has the meaning given such term in section 2801 of such title."

Maintenance Work Order Management Process for Covered Military Unaccompanied Housing

Pub. L. 118–159, div. B, title XXVIII, §2826(b), Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2258, provided that: "The Secretary of Defense shall issue guidance with respect to the requirements of such subsection [section 2837(b) of Pub. L. 118–31, set out below] (as amended by subsection (a)) not later than 60 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 2024]."

Pub. L. 118–31, div. B, title XXVIII, §2837, Dec. 22, 2023, 137 Stat. 759, as amended by Pub. L. 118–159, div. B, title XXVIII, §2826(a), Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2257, provided that:

"(a) In General.—Not later than 60 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 22, 2023], the Secretary of Defense shall issue rules to establish for each military department a process associated with maintenance work order management for covered military unaccompanied housing under the jurisdiction of such military department that is—

"(1) in existence on or before the date of the enactment of this Act; or

"(2) constructed or used on or after such date of enactment.

"(b) Use of Process.—The processes required under subsection (a) shall include clearly defined requirements for effective and timely maintenance work order management, including requirements with respect to—

"(1) quality assurance for maintenance completed;

"(2) a digital system through which residents of covered military unaccompanied housing may submit to individuals responsible for the management of such housing requests for maintenance work orders;

"(3) communication of maintenance progress and resolution with individuals responsible for the management of the covered military unaccompanied housing and the residents of such housing; and

"(4) standardized performance metrics, such as the timeliness of completion of maintenance work orders.

"(c) Administration.—The Secretary of each military department shall administer the process for maintenance work order management required under subsection (a) for the military department under the jurisdiction of such Secretary and shall issue or update relevant guidance as necessary.

"(d) Covered Military Unaccompanied Housing Defined.—In this section, the term 'covered military unaccompanied housing' has the meaning given in section 2856 of title 10, United States Code (as amended by section 2831)."

Uniform Index for Evaluating the Condition of Covered Military Unaccompanied Housing Facilities

Pub. L. 118–31, div. B, title XXVIII, §2838, Dec. 22, 2023, 137 Stat. 760, provided that:

"(a) In General.—Not later than 30 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 22, 2023], the Secretary of Defense, acting through the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Energy, Installations, and Environment, shall establish a uniform index for evaluating the condition of covered military unaccompanied housing facilities—

"(1) that exist as of the date of the enactment of this Act; and

"(2) that are constructed or used on or after such date.

"(b) Completion of Index.—Not later than 6 months after the date of the enactment of this Act, each Secretary of a military department shall apply the uniform index established under subsection (a) to evaluate the condition of each military installation under the jurisdiction of each such Secretary.

"(c) Definitions.—In this section:

"(1) The term 'covered military unaccompanied housing' has the meaning given in section 2856 of title 10, United States Code (as amended by section 2831).

"(2) The term 'military department' has the meaning given in section 101 of such title.

"(3) The term 'military installation' has the meaning given in section 2801 of such title."

Elimination of Flexibilities for Construction Standards for Covered Military Unaccompanied Housing

Pub. L. 118–31, div. B, title XXVIII, §2841, Dec. 22, 2023, 137 Stat. 762, provided that:

"(a) In General.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 22, 2023], the Secretary of Defense and each Secretary of a military department shall modify all directives, instructions, manuals, regulations, policies, and other guidance and issuances of the Department of Defense or appropriate military department to eliminate the grant of any flexibilities to the standards for construction of new covered military unaccompanied housing.

"(b) Matters Included.—The requirement under subsection (a) shall include modifications that remove the flexibility provided to the military departments with respect to new construction standards for covered military unaccompanied housing, including modification of the Department of Defense Manual 4165.63 titled 'DoD Housing Management' and dated October 28, 2010 (or a successor document).

"(c) Covered Military Unaccompanied Housing Defined.—In this section, the term 'covered military unaccompanied housing' has the meaning given in section 2856 of title 10, United States Code (as amended by section 2831)."

Improvement of Security of Lodging and Living Spaces on Military Installations

Pub. L. 117–81, div. B, title XXVIII, §2815, Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 2193, provided that:

"(a) Assessment.—Not later than 60 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 27, 2021], the Secretary of Defense shall conduct an assessment of all on-base dormitories and barracks at military installations for purposes of identifying—

"(1) locking mechanisms on points of entry into the main facility, including doors and windows, or interior doors leading into private sleeping areas that require replacing or repairing;

"(2) areas, such as exterior sidewalks, entry points, and other public areas where closed-circuit television security cameras should be installed; and

"(3) other passive security measures, such as additional lighting, that may be necessary to prevent crime, including sexual assault.

"(b) Emergency Repairs.—The Secretary of Defense shall make any necessary repairs of broken locks or other safety mechanisms discovered during the assessment conducted under subsection (a) not later than 30 days after discovering the issue.

"(c) Report.—

"(1) In general.—Not later than 270 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the congressional defense committees [Committee on Armed Services and Committee on Appropriations of the Senate and House of Representatives] a report on the results of the assessment conducted under subsection (a).

"(2) Elements.—The report under paragraph (1) shall include—

"(A) a cost estimate to make any improvements recommended pursuant to the assessment under subsection (a), disaggregated by military department and installation; and

"(B) an estimated schedule for making such improvements."